نشریه تاملات اخلاقی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز 1399)

In religious and ethical teachings, amnesty and forgiveness are among basic and practical notions in individual and social reform and transcendence. Today, an important question that arises is whether forgiveness is always a virtue. Forgiveness is at the core of Christianity and being forgiven by God is indebted to being forgiven by individuals. The ancient Greeks, and today, some Westerners not only believe forgiveness is not a virtue, but also think it indicates an individual's weakness and imperfection. This study examined the proponents and opponents' reasoning with regard to forgiveness.  According to Islamic teachings, forgiving every type of mistake with varying degrees of error and fault is not a virtue. Thus, the forgiver's capabilities, the extent and type of fault, the wrongdoer's dispositions such as remorse, compensation, or insistence on fault should be considered. Forgiveness is a great virtue in Islamic teachings, and although retaliation and administration of justice guarantee safety and security and control wrongdoers, such solutions as negligence, forgiving without any expectations in return, forgiving for the sake of righteousness, encompassing all individuals, etc. make it simpler to forgive, and by highlighting its earthly and unearthly and individual and social consequences, peace and tranquility for all are demanded.

Today, organizations are increasingly involved in what they call an ethical dilemma, i.e. situations in which wrongdoing and righteousness must be redefined as the boundary between right and wrong is blurred more than ever. In general, human beings have special ethical characteristics in the individual and personality dimension that shape their thoughts, speech and behavior. The present research is applied in terms of its objective and it is descriptive survey in terms of its methodology. Accordingly, it aims to determine the effect of the dimensions of unethical behaviors in the supply chain on the continuity of communication with the moderating role of organizational justice. The statistical population includes all managers and experts of pharmacies in Zanjan, Iran, i.e. 232 people, and the statistical sample is 145 people, selected using Cochran's formula and simple random sampling method. The required are collected through the standard questionnaire of Kainak et al. (2015). The results of the reliability and validity tests of the questionnaire show that the reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) is equal to 0.813 and the validity rate based on factor analysis (KMO) is above 0.7, confirming its reliability and validity. Descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equations are used to test the research hypotheses using amoss22 software. The results show that unethical behaviors in the supply chain, such as opportunistic, subtle, and deceptive behavior, have a significant effect on the continuity of communication in pharmacies with the moderating role of distributive and procedural justice.

Although the philosophy of ethics has not been much considered by Muslim thinkers and their topics are mainly related to ethics, Allama Ṭabāṭabāʾī and Shahīd Moṭaharī are among the few Shiite scholars who have simultaneously considered ethics and philosophy of ethics and have discovered innovative topics in this field. The topics of these two thinkers, although different in some cases, are generally complementary. One of the topics considered by the two is the relationship between ethics and religion. Allama Ṭabāṭabāʾī and Shahīd Moṭaharī have considered the relationship between ethics and religion from different aspect sand have presented a comprehensive view based on philosophical principles and documented Qur'anic and narrative evidence. Accordingly, the present study employs descriptive-analytical and library methods to examine the opinions of these two thinkers in the field of ethics and its relationship with religion. It is concluded that the negation of the conflict between ethics and religion, the role of religion in justifying ethical requirements, the extremity of religion over ethics, and religion as the only executive guarantor of ethical behavior are among of the most important relations between ethics and religion from the perspective of these two thinkers. Also, the result of this relationship is that contrary to the view that basically considers belief in God Almighty incompatible with ethical action, for these two persons, there is a kind of constructive interaction between ethics and religion in the promotion of religious beliefs and ethical behaviors.

Since family is the first institution in which a person begins to grow and thrive, its health plays a pivotal role in the ethical health of the individual. Unfortunately, today, with the advent of social networks, such as Telegram and Instagram, families are subject to numerous ethical harms, which in many cases has led to the weakening or even breakdown of family bonds. It seems that one of the most important factors leading to ethical harms in Iranian families is ignoring the reality and the profound impact of cyberspace and social networks. This descriptive-analytical research aims to prove the reality of cyberspace and examine some of the most important reasons for ignoring the reality of cyberspace, which leads to ethical harms in the family. Based on the findings, factors such as anonymity of cyberspace users, instability of relationships in this environment, lack of physical affinity, and novelty of cyberspace play an important role in ignoring the reality of this space by users, which ultimately leads to ethical defects.

The most important way of communication for couples is dialogue. Conversation includes the sender and receiver of a message through the transmission channel, which is divided into verbal and non-verbal conversation depending on the type of message. There are two transmission channels in verbal communication, which are the transmission channel of speaking and listening. Since message and the transmission channel are the most important elements of verbal conversation, couples are required to know and be aware of a correct and appropriate verbal message and also acquire the necessary skills for correct use of these channels. After presenting the introductory points, the present study discusses the characteristics of a correct and appropriate verbal message, as well as the acquisition of skills necessary to make the right use of the transmission channel of conversation in order to establish an effective dialogue between a couple from the perspective of religious teachings and psychology.

In recent decades, the Significant and increasing growth of new technologies, especially in the field of genetic engineering -shone a light of hope on hearts and opened a window to new horizons. But the great, irreplaceable, potential, and unknown capacities of these technologies and the fear of the unknown and unpleasant consequences of their irresponsible use, caused the very anxiety and worry of people And therefore, the need to pay attention to the moral consequences and considerations of the use of these technologies became more apparent than before and led to the establishment of a new scientific branch in the “applied ethics” that called “Genethics”. “Genethics /Genetic ethics” as a new and emerging branch of “bioethics” - includes a set of complex and critical ethical issues and problems and discusses the ethical considerations and the scope and limits of application or restraint of genetic engineering and Gene-focused studies. In this article, from an exploratory and analytical point of view, after pointing out the structure, scope, and most important issues of “Genethics”, and listing the most important issues in this field, in addition to paying attention to the dimensions and capacities of this important and emerging branch, the most challenging The issues and issues in this field have been briefly analyzed, highlighted and explained.